Anisotropic strain variations during the confined growth of Au nanowires

TL;DR

This study investigates the anisotropic strain development during the confined electrochemical growth of gold nanowires within nanoporous templates, revealing how lattice deformation varies with growth conditions and stress factors.

Contribution

It provides in situ analysis of strain evolution and pore filling during Au nanowire growth, highlighting the ability to control lattice deformation via electrodeposition parameters.

Findings

Strain becomes tensile vertically and compressive horizontally during growth.

Lattice parameters fluctuate with electrodeposition and rest cycles.

Porous domain size indicates pore filling homogeneity.

Abstract

The electrochemical growth of Au nanowires in a template of nano-porous anodic aluminum oxide was investigated in situ by means of grazing-incidence transmission small- and wide-angle x-ray scattering (GTSAXS and GTWAXS), x-ray fluorescence (XRF) and 2-dimensional surface optical reflectance (2D-SOR). The XRF and the overall intensity of the GTWAXS patterns as a function of time were used to monitor the progress of the electrodeposition. Furthermore, we extracted powder diffraction patterns in the direction of growth and in the direction of confinement to follow the evolution of the direction-dependent strain. Quite rapidly after the beginning of the electrodeposition, the strain became tensile in the vertical direction and compressive in the horizontal direction, which showed that the lattice deformation of the nanostructures can be artificially varied by an appropriate choice of the deposition time. By alternating sequences of electrodeposition to sequences of rest, we observed fluctuations of the lattice parameter in the direction of growth, attributed to stress caused by electromigration.. Furthermore, the porous domain size calculated from the GTSAXS patterns was used to monitor how homogeneously the pores were filled.