Stellar space weather effects on potentially habitable planets

TL;DR

This paper reviews how stellar activity, including radiation and particles, impacts the space weather around potentially habitable exoplanets, especially considering the evolution of stellar activity over time.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive review of the effects of stellar space weather on habitable exoplanets, emphasizing the evolution of stellar activity and its implications.

Findings

Younger stars have stronger winds and more frequent flares.

Harsher radiation and particle environments affect habitable-zone planets.

Stellar activity evolution influences exoplanet habitability.

Abstract

Stellar activity can reveal itself in the form of radiation (eg, enhanced X-ray coronal emission, flares) and particles (eg, winds, coronal mass ejections). Together, these phenomena shape the space weather around (exo)planets. As stars evolve, so do their different forms of activity -- in general, younger solar-like stars have stronger winds, enhanced flare occurrence and likely more frequent coronal mass ejections. Altogether, these effects can create harsher particle and radiation environments for habitable-zone planets, in comparison to Earth, in particular at young ages. In this article, I will review some effects of these harsher environments on potentially habitable exoplanets.