Towards Improved Input Masking for Convolutional Neural Networks

TL;DR

This paper introduces a layer masking technique for CNNs that reduces missingness bias in input masking, improving interpretability and robustness of model explanations by minimizing the influence of mask shape and color.

Contribution

The authors propose layer masking, a novel method applying masks to intermediate activations in CNNs, which better mitigates missingness bias compared to traditional input masking approaches.

Findings

Layer masking minimizes influence of mask shape and color on model output.

It outperforms input replacement methods like black or grey masks in interpretability tasks.

Data augmentation alone is insufficient to prevent reliance on mask shape.

Abstract

The ability to remove features from the input of machine learning models is very important to understand and interpret model predictions. However, this is non-trivial for vision models since masking out parts of the input image typically causes large distribution shifts. This is because the baseline color used for masking (typically grey or black) is out of distribution. Furthermore, the shape of the mask itself can contain unwanted signals which can be used by the model for its predictions. Recently, there has been some progress in mitigating this issue (called missingness bias) in image masking for vision transformers. In this work, we propose a new masking method for CNNs we call layer masking in which the missingness bias caused by masking is reduced to a large extent. Intuitively, layer masking applies a mask to intermediate activation maps so that the model only processes the unmasked input. We show that our method (i) is able to eliminate or minimize the influence of the mask shape or color on the output of the model, and (ii) is much better than replacing the masked region by black or grey for input perturbation based interpretability techniques like LIME. Thus, layer masking is much less affected by missingness bias than other masking strategies. We also demonstrate how the shape of the mask may leak information about the class, thus affecting estimates of model reliance on class-relevant features derived from input masking. Furthermore, we discuss the role of data augmentation techniques for tackling this problem, and argue that they are not sufficient for preventing model reliance on mask shape. The code for this project is publicly available at https://github.com/SriramB-98/layer_masking