Chasing Super-Massive Black Hole merging events with $Athena$ and LISA

TL;DR

This paper explores the potential scientific breakthroughs from simultaneous observations of super-massive black hole mergers using the upcoming $Athena$ X-ray observatory and LISA gravitational wave detector, focusing on their combined capabilities.

Contribution

It proposes observational strategies for concurrent $Athena$ and LISA measurements of SMBH mergers, highlighting their potential for new insights in astrophysics and fundamental physics.

Findings

Concurrent EM and GW observations can localize SMBH mergers within $0.4$ deg$^2$

Strategies for $Athena$ to detect inspiral and post-merger phases are outlined

Potential to measure GW speed and study accretion physics during mergers

Abstract

The European Space Agency is studying two large-class missions bound to operate in the decade of the 30s, and aiming at investigating the most energetic and violent phenomena in the Universe. $Athena$ is poised to study the physical conditions of baryons locked in large-scale structures from the epoch of their formation, as well as to yield an accurate census of accreting super-massive black holes down to the epoch of reionization; LISA will extend the hunt for Gravitational Wave (GW) events to the hitherto unexplored mHz regime. We discuss in this paper the science that their concurrent operation could yield, and present possible $Athena$ observational strategies. We focus on Super-Massive (M$\lesssim10^7\rm M_{\odot}$) Black Hole Mergers (SMBHMs), potentially accessible to $Athena$ up to $z\sim2$. The simultaneous measurement of their electro-magnetic (EM) and GW signals may enable unique experiments in the domains of astrophysics, fundamental physics, and cosmography, such as the magneto-hydrodynamics of fluid flows in a rapidly variable space-time, the formation of coronae and jets in Active Galactic Nuclei, and the measurement of the speed of GW, among others. Key to achieve these breakthrough results will be the LISA capability of locating a SMBHM event with an error box comparable to, or better than the field-of-view of the $Athena$ Wide Field Imager ($\simeq0.4\,$deg$^2$) and $Athena$ capability to slew fast to detect the source during the inspiral phase and the post-merger phase. Together, the two observatories will open in principle the exciting possibility of truly concurrent EM and GW studies of the SMBHMs