The Rumble in the Meson: a leptoquark versus a $Z^\prime$ to fit $b \rightarrow s \mu^+ \mu^-$ anomalies including 2022 LHCb $R_{K^{(\ast)}}$ measurements

TL;DR

This study compares leptoquark and $Z'$ models in explaining $b ightarrow s \, \mu^+ \mu^-$ anomalies, finding both models fit data similarly well, with $Z'$ constraints being relatively weak and not requiring specific quark alignment.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive statistical comparison of two new physics models explaining flavor anomalies, including updated measurements and constraints.

Findings

Both models improve fit quality similarly over the Standard Model.

$Z'$ model constraints are weak, allowing large $s_L-b_L$ mixing angles.

No strong evidence for specific quark Yukawa alignment in either model.

Abstract

We juxtapose global fits of two bottom-up models (an $S_3$ scalar leptoquark model and a ${B_3-L_2}$ $Z^\prime$ model) of \bsll\ anomalies to flavour data in order to quantify statistical preference or lack thereof. The leptoquark model couples directly to left-handed di-muon pairs, whereas the $Z^\prime$ model couples to di-muon pairs with a vector-like coupling. $B_s-\overline{B_s}$ mixing is a focus because it is typically expected to disfavour $Z^\prime$ explanations. In two-parameter fits to 247 flavour observables, including $B_{s/d} \to \mu^+ \mu^-$ branching ratios for which we provide an updated combination and LHCb $R_{K^{(\ast)}}$ measurements from December 2022, we show that each model provides a similar improvement in quality-of-fit of $\sqrt{\Delta \chi^2}=3.6$ with respect to the Standard Model. The main effect of the $B_s-\overline{B_s}$ mixing constraint in the $Z^\prime$ model is to disfavour values of the $s_L-b_L$ mixing angle greater than about $5|V_{cb}|$. This limit is rather loose, meaning that a good fit to data does not require `alignment' in either quark Yukawa matrix. No curtailment of the $s_L-b_L$ mixing angle is evident in the $S_3$ model.