Dynamical evolution of $U(1)$ gauged Q-balls in axisymmetry

TL;DR

This paper investigates the nonlinear dynamics and stability of $U(1)$ gauged Q-balls in axisymmetry through numerical simulations, revealing stable and unstable behaviors, possible dispersal, fragmentation, and formation of gauged Q-rings.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed numerical analysis of the dynamical evolution and stability of gauged Q-balls in axisymmetry, including new phenomena like gauged Q-rings.

Findings

Existence of stable and unstable solution branches.

Unstable Q-balls can disperse or fragment into smaller Q-balls.

Gauged Q-rings can form during evolution.

Abstract

We study the dynamics of $U(1)$ gauged Q-balls using fully non-linear numerical evolutions in axisymmetry. Focusing on two models with logarithmic and polynomial scalar field potentials, we numerically evolve perturbed gauged Q-ball configurations in order to assess their stability and determine the fate of unstable configurations. Our simulations suggest that there exist both stable and unstable branches of solutions with respect to axisymmetric perturbations. For solutions belonging to the stable branch, the gauged Q-balls respond to the perturbations by oscillating continuously or weakly radiating before returning to the initial configuration. For the unstable branch, the solutions are eventually destroyed and can evolve in several ways, such as dispersal of the fields to infinity or fragmentation into smaller gauged Q-balls. In some cases, we observe the formation of ring-like structures which we call "gauged Q-rings". We also investigate the stability of gauged Q-balls when the gauge coupling is small, finding that the behaviour of these configurations closely resembles that of ordinary (non-gauged) Q-balls.