PG-Schema: Schemas for Property Graphs
Renzo Angles, Angela Bonifati, Stefania Dumbrava, George Fletcher,, Alastair Green, Jan Hidders, Bei Li, Leonid Libkin, Victor Marsault, Wim, Martens, Filip Murlak, Stefan Plantikow, Ognjen Savkovi\'c, Michael Schmidt,, Juan Sequeda, S{\l}awek Staworko, Dominik Tomaszuk

TL;DR
PG-Schema introduces a formalism for property graph schemas with flexible types and constraints, aiming to influence GQL standardization and improve graph database schema support.
Contribution
It presents a new schema language for property graphs with formal syntax, semantics, and comparison to existing systems, supporting multi-inheritance and expressive constraints.
Findings
Formal syntax and semantics for PG-Schema
Comparison with existing schema languages
Support for multi-inheritance and constraints
Abstract
Property graphs have reached a high level of maturity, witnessed by multiple robust graph database systems as well as the ongoing ISO standardization effort aiming at creating a new standard Graph Query Language (GQL). Yet, despite documented demand, schema support is limited both in existing systems and in the first version of the GQL Standard. It is anticipated that the second version of the GQL Standard will include a rich DDL. Aiming to inspire the development of GQL and enhance the capabilities of graph database systems, we propose PG-Schema, a simple yet powerful formalism for specifying property graph schemas. It features PG-Types with flexible type definitions supporting multi-inheritance, as well as expressive constraints based on the recently proposed PG-Keys formalism. We provide the formal syntax and semantics of PG-Schema, which meet principled design requirements grounded…
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