Parametric triggering of vortices in toroidally trapped rotating Bose-Einstein condensates

TL;DR

This study investigates how vortex creation in rotating Bose-Einstein condensates within a toroidal trap depends on laser beam parameters, revealing optimal conditions for vortex generation and the influence of trap depth on vortex dynamics.

Contribution

It introduces a parametric approach to control vortex formation in toroidal BECs by varying laser beam waist and potential depth, supported by numerical and analytical comparisons.

Findings

Vortex number peaks when the condensate radius to beam waist ratio is about 0.7.

Deeper Gaussian potentials lead to more vortices.

Critical rotation frequency decreases as the Gaussian potential depth increases.

Abstract

We study the creation of vortices by triggering the rotating Bose-Einstein condensates in a toroidal trap with trap parameters such as laser beam waist and Gaussian potential depth. By numerically solving the time-dependent Gross-Pitaevskii equation in two dimensions, we observe a change in vortex structure and a considerable increase in the number of vortices when the waist of the irradiated laser beam is in consonance with the area of the condensate as we vary the Gaussian potential depth. By computing the root mean square radius of the condensate, we confirm the variation in the number of vortices generated as a function of the ratio between the root-mean-square radius of the condensate and the laser beam waist. In particular, the number of hidden vortices reaches the maximum value when the above ratio is close to the value 0.7. We find the variation in the number of vortices is rapid for deeper Gaussian potentials, and we conclude that the larger beam waist and deeper Gaussian potentials generate more vortices. Further, we calculate the number of vortices using the Feynman rule with Thomas Fermi approximation and compare them with the numerical results. We also observe that the critical rotation frequency decreases with an increase in depth of Gaussian potential.