Observation of self-patterned defect formation in atomic superfluids -- from ring dark solitons to vortex dipole necklaces

TL;DR

This paper reports the experimental observation of ring dark solitons in a 2D atomic superfluid, revealing their evolution into vortex dipole patterns and providing insights into topological defect formation in nonlinear quantum systems.

Contribution

It demonstrates the first experimental realization of ring dark solitons in a 2D superfluid and explores their dynamics and defect formation via box potential quenching.

Findings

Observation of ring dark soliton emission from the superfluid edge

Patterned formation of vortex dipole arrays from soliton instabilities

Vortex unbinding, pinning, and rarefaction pulse emission during evolution

Abstract

Unveiling nonequilibrium dynamics of solitonic and topological defect structures in a multidimensional nonlinear medium is a current frontier across diverse fields. One of the quintessential objects is a ring dark soliton (RDS), whose dynamics are expected to display remarkable interplay between symmetry and self-patterned topological defect formation from a transverse (snake) instability, but it has thus far evaded full experimental observations. Here, we report an experimental realization of RDS generation in a two-dimensional atomic superfluid trapped in a circular box. By quenching the confining box potential, we observe an RDS emitted from the edge and its peculiar signature in the radial motion. As an RDS evolves, we observe transverse modulations at discrete azimuthal angles, which clearly result in a patterned formation of a circular vortex dipole array. Through collisions of the vortex dipoles with the box trap, we observe vortex unbinding, vortex pinning to the edge, and emission of rarefaction pulses. Our box-quench protocol opens a new way to study multidimensional dark solitons, structured formation of topological defects, and potentially the dynamics of ordered quantum vortex matter.