Structure of a sequence with prescribed zero-sum subsequences: Rank Two $p$-groups

TL;DR

This paper proves a conjecture about the structure of sequences with prescribed zero-sum subsequences in rank two p-groups, specifically for prime n, advancing understanding of extremal sequence configurations.

Contribution

It establishes the conjectured form of extremal sequences avoiding short zero-sum subsequences for all relevant parameters when n is prime, extending to all rank two abelian groups.

Findings

Confirmed the conjecture for prime n, characterizing extremal sequences.

Extended the structural understanding of zero-sum sequences in rank two groups.

Provided a complete description of extremal sequences for the specified parameters.

Abstract

Let $G=(\mathbb Z/n\mathbb Z) \oplus (\mathbb Z/n\mathbb Z)$. Let $\mathsf {s}_{\leq k}(G)$ be the smallest integer $\ell$ such that every sequence of $\ell$ terms from $G$, with repetition allowed, has a nonempty zero-sum subsequence with length at most $k$. It is known that $\mathsf {s}_{\leq 2n-1-k}(G)=2n-1+k$ for $k\in [0,n-1]$, with the structure of extremal sequences showing this bound tight determined when $k\in \{0,1,n-1\}$, and for various special cases when $k\in [2,n-2]$. For the remaining values $k\in [2,n-2]$, the characterization of extremal sequences of length $2n-2+k$ avoiding a nonempty zero-sum of length at most $2n-1-k$ remained open in general, with it conjectured that they must all have the form $e_1^{[n-1]} \boldsymbol{\cdot} e_2^{[n-1]} \boldsymbol{\cdot} (e_1 +e_2)^{[k]}$ for some basis $(e_1,e_2)$ for $G$. Here $x^{[n]}$ denotes a sequence consisting of the term $x$ repeated $n$ times. In this paper, we establish this conjecture for all $k\in [2,n-2]$ when $n$ is prime, which in view of other recent work, implies the conjectured structure for all rank two abelian groups.