How Dose Rotation Effect Convection Criterion and Solar Granule Size

TL;DR

This paper investigates how the rotation of solar granules influences convection criteria and granule size, revealing that rotation affects convection suppression and granule size distribution in different solar regions.

Contribution

It introduces a new convection criterion incorporating granular rotation, linking rotation, size, and temperature to solar convection behavior.

Findings

Larger granules weaken convection in quiet regions.

Small granules undergo natural convection, large ones forced convection.

Sunspots have smaller granules and lower temperatures.

Abstract

The rotation of granules shows thermal properties similar to the thermal motion of molecules, which effects convection criterion and solar granule size.The granular rotation generates the rotational additional pressure and corresponding rotational equivalent temperature in the spherically symmetric expansion of the granule.The rotation equivalent temperature represented by the rotational speed and the granular size is combined with the Schwarzschild criterion to obtain a new convection criterion determined jointly by the granular size, temperature gradient, and rotational speed gradient.In most of the solar convection zone, the convection is driven by the temperature gradient and suppressed by the rotational speed gradient.In the solar quiet region, the larger the granular size, the weaker the convection.The small granules with the sizes smaller than the critical size are in natural convection, while the large granules with the sizes larger than the critical size are in forced convection.In the solar active region, the larger the rotational speed, the smaller the critical size and the temperature.So sunspots have smaller granules and lower temperatures.