Information-Theoretic Foundations of DNA Data Storage

TL;DR

This paper explores the fundamental information-theoretic limits of DNA data storage systems, modeling the unique challenges of short, unordered, noisy DNA molecules to understand maximum reliable storage capacity.

Contribution

It introduces a probabilistic channel model capturing key aspects of DNA storage and analyzes the theoretical capacity limits, providing foundational insights beyond coding strategies.

Findings

Proposed a model for unordered, noisy DNA storage channels

Derived capacity bounds considering technological constraints

Provided theoretical tools for analyzing DNA storage limits

Abstract

Due to its longevity and enormous information density, DNA is an attractive medium for archival data storage. Thanks to rapid technological advances, DNA storage is becoming practically feasible, as demonstrated by a number of experimental storage systems, making it a promising solution for our society's increasing need of data storage. While in living things, DNA molecules can consist of millions of nucleotides, due to technological constraints, in practice, data is stored on many short DNA molecules, which are preserved in a DNA pool and cannot be spatially ordered. Moreover, imperfections in sequencing, synthesis, and handling, as well as DNA decay during storage, introduce random noise into the system, making the task of reliably storing and retrieving information in DNA challenging. This unique setup raises a natural information-theoretic question: how much information can be reliably stored on and reconstructed from millions of short noisy sequences? The goal of this monograph is to address this question by discussing the fundamental limits of storing information on DNA. Motivated by current technological constraints on DNA synthesis and sequencing, we propose a probabilistic channel model that captures three key distinctive aspects of the DNA storage systems: (1) the data is written onto many short DNA molecules that are stored in an unordered fashion; (2) the molecules are corrupted by noise and (3) the data is read by randomly sampling from the DNA pool. Our goal is to investigate the impact of each of these key aspects on the capacity of the DNA storage system. Rather than focusing on coding-theoretic considerations and computationally efficient encoding and decoding, we aim to build an information-theoretic foundation for the analysis of these channels, developing tools for achievability and converse arguments.