Moffatt eddies in electrohydrodynamic flows: numerical simulations and analyses

TL;DR

This study uses numerical simulations to analyze Moffatt eddies in electrohydrodynamic flows, revealing how electric field strength and charge diffusion influence vortex size, intensity, and flow oscillations, with results aligning well with theoretical predictions.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed numerical characterization of Moffatt eddies in EHD flows, including size, intensity, and stability analysis, extending theoretical understanding.

Findings

Larger electric Rayleigh number $T$ enhances vortex strength.

Stronger charge diffusion enlarges vortex size.

High $T$ induces flow oscillations matching experimental observations.

Abstract

We study numerically a sequence of eddies in two-dimensional electrohydrodynamic (EHD) flows of a dielectric liquid, driven by an electric potential difference between a hyperbolic blade electrode and a flat plate electrode (or the blade-plate configuration). The electrically-driven flow impinges on the plate to generate vortices, which resemble Moffatt eddies (Moffatt, $\textit{J. Fluid Mech.}$ vol. 18, 1-18, 1964). Such a phenomenon in EHD was first reported in the experimental work of Perri $\textit{et al., J. Fluid Mech.}$ vol. 900, A12, 2020. We conduct direct numerical simulations of the EHD flow with three Moffatt-type eddies in a large computational domain at moderate electric Rayleigh numbers ($ T $, quantifying the strength of the electric field). The ratios of size and intensity of the adjacent eddies are examined and they can be compared favourably to the theoretical prediction of Moffatt; interestingly, the quantitative comparison is remarkably accurate for the two eddies in the farfield. Our investigation also shows that a larger $T$ strengthens the vortex intensity, and a stronger charge diffusion effect enlarges the vortex size. A sufficiently large $T$ can further result in an oscillating flow, consistent with the experimental observation. In addition, a global stability analysis of the steady blade-plate EHD flow is conducted. The global mode is detailedly characterised at different values of $T$. When $T$ is large, the confinement effect of the geometry in the center region may lead to an increased oscillation frequency. This work contributes to the quantitative characterisation of the Moffatt-type eddies in electrohydrodynamic flows.