Directional takeoff, aerial righting, and adhesion landing of semiaquatic springtails

TL;DR

This study reveals that semiaquatic springtails can perform controlled directional jumps, rapid aerial righting, and precise water landings by leveraging body adjustments, hydrophilic structures, and aerodynamic forces, challenging previous beliefs about their locomotion.

Contribution

The paper uncovers the mechanisms behind springtails' controlled jumps, aerial righting, and water landings, including the role of collophore adhesion and body deformation, and demonstrates bioinspired robotic applications.

Findings

Springtails achieve 85% upright landings on water.

Aerial righting occurs in less than 20 ms, fastest in animals.

Bioinspired robot mimics springtail control, landing upright 75%.

Abstract

Springtails (Collembola) have been traditionally portrayed as explosive jumpers with incipient directional takeoff and uncontrolled landing. However, for these collembolans who live near the water, such skills are crucial for evading a host of voracious aquatic and terrestrial predators. We discover that semiaquatic springtails Isotomurus retardatus can perform directional jumps, rapid aerial righting, and near-perfect landing on the water surface. They achieve these locomotive controls by adjusting their body attitude and impulse during takeoff, deforming their body in mid-air, and exploiting the hydrophilicity of their ventral tube, known as collophore. Experiments and mathematical modeling indicate that directional-impulse control during takeoff is driven by the collophores adhesion force, the body angle, and the stroke duration produced by their jumping organ, the furcula. In mid-air, springtails curve their bodies to form a U-shape pose, which leverages aerodynamic forces to right themselves in less than 20 ms, the fastest ever measured in animals. A stable equilibrium is facilitated by the water adhered to the collophore. Aerial righting was confirmed by placing springtails in a vertical wind tunnel and through physical models. Due to these aerial responses, springtails land on their ventral side 85% of the time while anchoring via the collophore on the water surface to avoid bouncing. We validated the springtail biophysical principles in a bioinspired jumping robot that reduces in-flight rotation and lands upright 75% of the time. Thus, contrary to common belief, these wingless hexapods can jump, skydive and land with outstanding control that can be fundamental for survival.