Theoretical analysis and experimental validation of volume bias of soft Dice optimized segmentation maps in the context of inherent uncertainty

TL;DR

This paper investigates how soft Dice optimization affects volume bias in segmentation maps, revealing that it can introduce bias in uncertain scenarios, with theoretical and experimental support.

Contribution

The study provides a theoretical analysis and experimental validation of volume bias introduced by soft Dice optimization in uncertain segmentation tasks.

Findings

Soft Dice optimization improves Dice score performance.

It can cause volume bias in highly uncertain segmentation tasks.

Re-calibration may be needed for clinical applications.

Abstract

The clinical interest is often to measure the volume of a structure, which is typically derived from a segmentation. In order to evaluate and compare segmentation methods, the similarity between a segmentation and a predefined ground truth is measured using popular discrete metrics, such as the Dice score. Recent segmentation methods use a differentiable surrogate metric, such as soft Dice, as part of the loss function during the learning phase. In this work, we first briefly describe how to derive volume estimates from a segmentation that is, potentially, inherently uncertain or ambiguous. This is followed by a theoretical analysis and an experimental validation linking the inherent uncertainty to common loss functions for training CNNs, namely cross-entropy and soft Dice. We find that, even though soft Dice optimization leads to an improved performance with respect to the Dice score and other measures, it may introduce a volume bias for tasks with high inherent uncertainty. These findings indicate some of the method's clinical limitations and suggest doing a closer ad-hoc volume analysis with an optional re-calibration step.