Quantifying the intrinsic randomness of quantum measurements

TL;DR

This paper investigates the intrinsic quantum randomness in measurements, analyzing how noise and correlations with an eavesdropper affect the predictability of measurement outcomes in quantum systems.

Contribution

It introduces a detailed analysis of Eve's guessing probability considering classical and quantum correlations in generalized measurements with mixed states.

Findings

Eve's guessing probability varies with correlation type in generalized measurements.

Classical and quantum correlations impact the predictability of measurement outcomes differently.

The work extends understanding of quantum randomness beyond pure states and projective measurements.

Abstract

Intrinsic quantum randomness is produced when a projective measurement on a given basis is implemented on a pure state that is not an element of the basis. The prepared state and implemented measurement are perfectly known, yet the measured result cannot be deterministically predicted. In realistic situations, however, measurements and state preparation are always noisy, which introduces a component of stochasticity in the outputs that is not a consequence of the intrinsic randomness of quantum theory. Operationally, this stochasticity is modelled through classical or quantum correlations with an eavesdropper, Eve, whose goal is to make the best guess about the outcomes produced in the experiment. In this work, we study Eve's maximum guessing probability when she is allowed to have correlations with, both, the state and the measurement. We show that, unlike the case of projective measurements (as it was already known) or pure states (as we prove), in the setting of generalized measurements and mixed states, Eve's guessing probability differs depending on whether she can prepare classically or quantumly correlated strategies.