Single-collision statistics reveal a global mechanism driven by sample history for contact electrification in granular media

TL;DR

This study reveals that contact electrification in granular media is governed by a global, history-dependent parameter influenced by environmental factors like humidity, challenging local charge models.

Contribution

It demonstrates that the charge transfer mechanism is driven by a global parameter acquired from sample history, not intrinsic local properties.

Findings

Charge transfer is governed by a global parameter, not local variations.

Cleaning and baking reset the charging behavior.

Humidity and water adsorbates significantly affect charge transfer.

Abstract

Models for same-material contact electrification in granular media often rely on a local charge-driving parameter whose spatial variations lead to a stochastic origin for charge exchange. Measuring the charge transfer from individual granular spheres after contacts with substrates of the same material, we find that the charge-driving parameter is global, not local. Cleaning and baking samples fully resets their charging behavior, which indicates the underlying global parameter is not intrinsic to the material, but acquired from its history. Charging behavior is randomly and irreversibly affected by changes in relative humidity, pointing to a mechanism where adsorbates, in particular water, are fundamental to the charge-transfer process.