Two-dimensional Rare-earth Halide Based Single Phase Triferroic

TL;DR

This paper predicts a novel two-dimensional monolayer material, Eu-doped GdCl₂, exhibiting simultaneous ferromagnetism, ferroelectricity, and ferroelasticity, with potential for advanced nanoelectronic and spintronic applications.

Contribution

It introduces a new single-phase triferroic 2D material achieved through doping, demonstrating coexistence and coupling of three ferroic orders based on first-principle calculations.

Findings

The doped monolayer is a ferromagnetic semiconductor with high magnetic anisotropy.

It exhibits strong coupling between ferroelectricity and ferroelasticity.

The material remains ferromagnetic with enhanced magnetic anisotropy energy.

Abstract

Two-dimensional multiferroic materials are highly sought after due to their huge potential for applications in nanoelectronic and spintronic devices. Here, we predict, based on first-principle calculations, a single phase {\it triferroic} where three ferroic orders; ferromagnetism, ferroelectricity and ferroelasticity, coexist simultaneously in hole doped GdCl$_2$ monolayer (a ferromagnetic semiconductor). This is achieved by substituting 1/3rd of the Gd$^{2+}$ ions with Eu$^{2+}$ in the hexagonal structure of GdCl$_2$ monolayer. The resulting metallic state undergoes a bond-centered charge ordering driving a distortion in the hexagonal structure making it semiconducting again and {\it ferroelastic}. Further, the lattice distortion accompanied by a breaking of the lattice centrosymmetry renders a non-centrosymmetric charge distribution which makes the monolayer {\it ferroelectric}, at the same time. The two ferroic orders, ferroelectricity and ferroelasticity, present in Eu doped GdCl$_2$ monolayer are found to be strongly coupled making it a promising candidate for device applications. The doped monolayer remains a ferromagnetic semiconductor with large 4f magnetic moment just like the parent monolayer and possesses an even higher (out-of-plane) magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE) than its pristine counterpart as desired for two dimensional magnets to have high transition temperature.