Some exact values on Ramsey numbers related to fans

TL;DR

This paper determines the exact Ramsey numbers involving fans and stars, confirming a conjecture that $R_2(F_n)$ is at most $5n$ for certain cases, and provides new exact values for specific graphs.

Contribution

The paper proves exact Ramsey numbers for stars versus fans and confirms the conjecture $R_2(F_n) \,\le 5n$ for $n=3$, advancing understanding of these graph Ramsey numbers.

Findings

Proved $R(K_{1,n},F_n)=3n- ext{(0 or 1)}$ for all $n\ge1$.

Confirmed $R_2(F_3)=14$, supporting the conjecture for $n=3$.

Provided exact values for Ramsey numbers involving fans and stars.

Abstract

For two given graphs $F$ and $H$, the Ramsey number $R(F,H)$ is the smallest integer $N$ such that any red-blue edge-coloring of the complete graph $K_N$ contains a red $F$ or a blue $H$. When $F=H$, we simply write $R_2(H)$. For an positive integer $n$, let $K_{1,n}$ be a star with $n+1$ vertices, $F_n$ be a fan with $2n+1$ vertices consisting of $n$ triangles sharing one common vertex, and $nK_3$ be a graph with $3n$ vertices obtained from the disjoint union of $n$ triangles. In 1975, Burr, Erd\H{o}s and Spencer \cite{B} proved that $R_2(nK_3)=5n$ for $n\ge2$. However, determining the exact value of $R_2(F_n)$ is notoriously difficult. So far, only $R_2(F_2)=9$ has been proved. Notice that both $F_n$ and $nK_3$ contain $n$ triangles and $|V(F_n)|<|V(nK_3)|$ for all $n\ge 2$. Chen, Yu and Zhao (2021) speculated that $R_2(F_n)\le R_2(nK_3)=5n$ for $n$ sufficiently large. In this paper, we first prove that $R(K_{1,n},F_n)=3n-\varepsilon$ for $n\ge1$, where $\varepsilon=0$ if $n$ is odd and $\varepsilon=1$ if $n$ is even. Applying the exact values of $R(K_{1,n},F_n)$, we will confirm $R_2(F_n)\le 5n$ for $n=3$ by showing that $R_2(F_3)=14$.