Partitioning a Polygon Into Small Pieces

TL;DR

This paper introduces constant-factor approximation algorithms for partitioning polygons into small connected pieces under various size constraints, overcoming limitations of previous methods that restrict boundary points or require boundary chords.

Contribution

Develops the first constant-factor approximation algorithms for polygon partitioning into bounded-size pieces that always produce meaningful partitions without boundary restrictions.

Findings

Algorithms work for multiple notions of bounded size.

Always produce meaningful partitions, unlike previous methods.

Approximate optimal number of pieces within a constant factor.

Abstract

We study the problem of partitioning a given simple polygon $P$ into a minimum number of connected polygonal pieces, each of bounded size. We describe a general technique for constructing such partitions that works for several notions of `bounded size,' namely that each piece must be contained in an axis-aligned or arbitrarily rotated unit square or a unit disk, or that each piece has bounded perimeter, straight-line diameter or geodesic diameter. The problems are motivated by practical settings in manufacturing, finite element analysis, collision detection, vehicle routing, shipping and laser capture microdissection. The version where each piece should be contained in an axis-aligned unit square is already known to be NP-hard [Abrahamsen and Stade, FOCS, 2024], and the other versions seem no easier. Our main result is to develop constant-factor approximation algorithms, which means that the number of pieces in the produced partition is at most a constant factor larger than the cardinality of an optimal partition. Existing algorithms [Damian and Pemmaraju, Algorithmica, 2004] do not allow Steiner points, which means that all corners of the produced pieces must also be corners of $P$. This has the disappointing consequence that a partition often does not exist, whereas our algorithms always produce meaningful partitions. Furthermore, an optimal partition without Steiner points may require $\Omega(n)$ pieces for polygons with $n$ corners where a partition consisting of just $2$ pieces exists when Steiner points are allowed. Other existing algorithms [Arkin, Das, Gao, Goswami, Mitchell, Polishchuk and T\'oth, ESA, 2020] only allow $P$ to be split along chords (and aim to minimize the number of chords instead of the number of pieces), whereas we make no constraints on the boundaries of the pieces.