Superposition Formulae for the Geometric B\"acklund Transformations of the Hyperbolic and Elliptic Sine-Gordon and Sinh-Gordon Equations

TL;DR

This paper develops superposition formulae for B"acklund transformations of hyperbolic and elliptic sine-Gordon and sinh-Gordon equations, enabling algebraic generation of solutions for surfaces with constant Gaussian curvature in pseudo-Euclidean space.

Contribution

It introduces superposition formulae for six cases of B"acklund transformations, revealing their algebraic solution-generating capabilities for both hyperbolic and elliptic equations.

Findings

Provides explicit superposition formulae for all six cases.

Enables algebraic construction of infinitely many solutions.

Shows the alternating property of solutions between elliptic sinh-Gordon and sine-Gordon equations.

Abstract

We provide superposition formulae for the six cases of B\"acklund transformations corresponding to space-like and time-like surfaces in the 3-dimensional pseudo-Euclidean space. In each case, the surfaces have constant negative or positive Gaussian curvature and they correspond to solutions of one of the following equations: the sine-Gordon, the sinh-Gordon, the elliptic sine-Gordon and the elliptic sinh-Gordon equation. The superposition formulae provide infinitely many solutions algebraically after the first integration of the B\"acklund transformation. Such transformations and the corresponding superposition formulae provide solutions of the same hyperbolic equation, while they show an unusual property for the elliptic equations. The B\"acklund transformation alternates solutions of the elliptic sinh-Gordon equation with those of the elliptic sine-Gordon equation and the superposition formulae provide solutions of the same elliptic equation. Explicit examples and illustrations are given.