Thermal Simulation of Millimetre Wave Ablation of Geological Materials

TL;DR

This paper develops a thermal simulation model for millimetre wave ablation of geological materials, enabling large-scale, accurate predictions of borehole formation and evaporation behavior.

Contribution

A new mathematical model incorporating temperature-dependent parameters and adaptive meshing for simulating millimetre wave rock ablation is introduced and validated.

Findings

Model accurately predicts temperature and gradients in rocks.

Material heterogeneity significantly affects evaporation and borehole shape.

Adaptive meshing improves computational efficiency for large-scale simulations.

Abstract

This work is concerned with the numerical simulation of ablation of geological materials using a millimetre wave source. To this end, a new mathematical model is developed for a thermal approach to the problem, allowing for large scale simulations, whilst being able to include the strong temperature dependence of material parameters to ensure accurate modelling of power input into the rock. The model presented is implemented within an adaptive meshing framework, such that resolution can be placed where needed, for example at the borehole wall, to further improve the computational efficiency of large scale simulations. This approach allows for both the heating of the rock, and the removal of evaporated material, allowing rate of penetration and the shape of the resulting borehole to be quantified. The model is validated against experimental results, which indicates that the approach can accurately predict temperatures, and temperature gradients within the rock. The validated model is then exercised to obtain initial results demonstrating its capabilities for simulating the millimetre wave drilling process. The effects of the conditions at the surface of the rock are investigated, highlighting the importance of understanding the physical processes which occur between the wave guide and the rock. Additionally, the absorptivity of the rock, and the impact this has on the evaporation behaviour is considered. Simulations are carried out both for isotropic rock, and also for a multi-strata configuration. It is found that strata between similar rock types, such as granite and basalt, absorptive properties pose little problem for uniform drilling. However, larger variations in material parameters are shown to have strong implications on the evaporation behaviour of the wellbore, and hence the resulting structure.