Testing Primordial Black Hole Dark Matter with ALMA Observations of the Gravitational Lens B1422+231

TL;DR

This paper uses ALMA millimeter-wave observations of the gravitational lens B1422+231 to investigate whether primordial black holes could account for dark matter, analyzing flux ratio anomalies through simulations.

Contribution

It presents the first millimeter-wave flux ratio measurement of B1422+231 and explores PBH dark matter models as an explanation for flux anomalies.

Findings

Flux ratios are consistent across multiple wavelengths.

PBH models can explain observed flux anomalies.

ALMA observations provide new constraints on PBH dark matter.

Abstract

We examine the flux density ratio anomaly in the quadruply-imaged strong gravitational lens, B1422+231, and consider the contribution of $10-10^3M_{\odot}$ primordial black holes (PBHs) as a potential dark matter constituent. We describe the first flux density ratio measurement of B1422+231 in the millimeter-wave band using the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA). This fills an important multi-wavelength gap in our knowledge of this key lensed system. The flux density of the quasar at 233 GHz is dominated by synchrotron emission and the source size is estimated to be 66.9 pc. The observed flux density ratios at 233 GHz are similar to those measured in radio, mid-infrared and optical bands, which cannot be explained by a simple smooth mass model of the lens galaxy. We examine the probability of the flux density ratio anomaly arising from PBH microlensing using ray tracing simulations. The simulations consider the cases where 10% and 50% of dark matter are $10-10^3M_{\odot}$ PBHs with a power law mass function. Our analysis shows that the anomalous flux density ratio for B1422+231 can be explained by a lens model with a significant fraction of dark matter being PBHs. This study demonstrates the potential for new constraints on PBH dark matter using ALMA observations of multiply imaged strong gravitational lenses.