Time-dependent Monte Carlo continuum radiative transfer

TL;DR

This paper introduces a 3D time-dependent Monte Carlo radiative transfer algorithm that simulates temperature, images, and spectra of dust environments around variable sources, enabling detailed analysis of light echoes and thermal reemission.

Contribution

The authors extended the POLARIS code to include efficient time-dependent radiative transfer methods for variable illuminating sources in dust environments.

Findings

Validated the influence of temporal step width and photon packages on temperature accuracy.

Analyzed optical depth effects on temperature distribution in spherical and disk geometries.

Simulated outburst scenarios to demonstrate the code's capability for studying variable sources.

Abstract

Aims. We present an implementation of an algorithm for 3D time-dependent Monte Carlo radiative transfer. It allows one to simulate temperature distributions as well as images and spectral energy distributions of the scattered light and thermal reemission radiation for variable illuminating and heating sources embedded in dust distributions, such as circumstellar disks and dust shells on time scales up to weeks. Methods. We extended the publicly available 3D Monte Carlo radiative transfer code POLARIS with efficient methods for the simulation of temperature distributions, scattering, and thermal reemission of dust distributions illuminated by temporally variable radiation sources. The influence of the chosen temporal step width and the number of photon packages per time step as key parameters for a given configuration is shown by simulating the temperature distribution in a spherical envelope around an embedded central star. The effect of the optical depth on the temperature simulation is discussed for the spherical envelope as well as for a model of a circumstellar disk with an embedded star. Finally, we present simulations of an outburst of a star surrounded by a circumstellar disk. Results. The presented algorithm for time-dependent 3D continuum Monte Carlo radiative transfer is a valuable basis for preparatory studies as well as for the analysis of continuum observations of the dusty environment around variable sources, such as accreting young stellar objects. In particular, the combined study of light echos in the optical and near-infrared wavelength range and the corresponding time-dependent thermal reemission observables of variable, for example outbursting sources, becomes possible on all involved spatial scales.