Gravitational Waves and Primordial Black Hole Productions from Gluodynamics by Holography

TL;DR

This paper develops a holographic model of QCD's gluon sector at finite temperature, accurately matching lattice data, and explores its implications for gravitational waves and primordial black holes from early Universe phase transitions.

Contribution

It introduces a holographic model for gluodynamics that aligns with lattice QCD results and predicts observable gravitational waves and black holes from early Universe phase transitions.

Findings

Holographic model matches lattice QCD data for gluon matter.

Predicts gravitational wave backgrounds detectable by future observatories.

Estimates primordial black hole production consistent with current bounds.

Abstract

Understanding the nature of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) matter is important but challenging due to the presence of non-perturbative dynamics under extreme conditions. We construct a holographic model describing the gluon sector of QCD at finite temperatures in the non-perturbative regime. The equation of state as a function of temperature is in good accordance with the lattice QCD data. Moreover, the Polyakov loop and the gluon condensation, which are proper order parameters to capture the deconfinement phase transition, also agree quantitatively well with the lattice QCD data. We obtain a strong first-order confinement/deconfinement phase transition at $T_c=276.5\,\text{MeV}$ that is consistent with the lattice QCD prediction. Based on our model for a pure gluon hidden sector, we compute the stochastic gravitational waves and primordial black hole (PBH) productions from this confinement/deconfinement phase transition in the early Universe. The resulting stochastic gravitational-wave backgrounds are found to be within detectability in the International Pulsar Timing Array and Square Kilometre Array in the near future when the associated productions of PBHs saturate the current observational bounds on the PBH abundances from the LIGO-Virgo-Collaboration O3 data.