Cosmic ray anisotropy study by means of detection of muon bundles

TL;DR

This study investigates high-energy cosmic ray anisotropy using muon bundles detected over a decade, developing methods to account for environmental and detector effects, and compares findings with other scientific results.

Contribution

The paper introduces new methods for analyzing muon bundle data, including corrections for meteorological and detector effects, to improve anisotropy detection accuracy.

Findings

Detected dipole anisotropy in PeV cosmic rays

Developed correction methods for environmental and detector influences

Compared results with other scientific facilities

Abstract

In this work, we use muon bundles which are formed in extensive air showers and detected at the ground level as a tool for searching anisotropy of high energy cosmic rays. Such choice is explained by the penetrating ability of muons which allows them to retain the direction of primary particles with a good accuracy. In 2012-2022, we performed long-term muon bundle detection with the coordinate-tracking detector DECOR, which is a part of the Experimental complex NEVOD (MEPhI, Moscow). To search for the cosmic rays anisotropy, the muon bundles arriving at zenith angles in the range from 15 to 75 degrees in the local coordinate system are used. During the entire period of data taking, about 14 million of such events have been accumulated. In this paper, we describe some methods developed in the Experimental complex NEVOD and implemented in our research, including: the method for compensating the influence of meteorological conditions on the intensity of muon bundles at the Earth's surface, the method for accounting the design features of the detector and the inhomogeneity of the detection efficiency for different directions, as well as the method for estimating primary energies of cosmic rays. Here we present the results of the search for the dipole anisotropy of cosmic rays with energies in the PeV region and also compare them with the results obtained at the other scientific facilities.