Ion kinetic effects and instabilities in the plasma flow in the magnetic mirror

TL;DR

This study investigates ion kinetic effects and instabilities in plasma flow within a magnetic mirror using hybrid simulations, revealing how ion temperature, reflections, and fluctuations influence the transonic velocity profile and plasma acceleration.

Contribution

It demonstrates the formation of a global transonic ion velocity profile in magnetic mirrors for both cold and warm ions, highlighting the effects of partial ion reflections and potential fluctuations.

Findings

Velocity profiles agree with analytical theory in cold ions.

Partial ion reflections occur due to wave breaking and instabilities.

Global accelerating profile constrains plasma exhaust velocity.

Abstract

Kinetic effects in plasma flow due to a finite ion temperature and ion reflections in a converging-diverging magnetic nozzle are investigated with collisionless quasineutral hybrid simulations with kinetic ions and isothermal Boltzmann electrons. It is shown that in the cold ions limit the velocity profile of the particles agrees well with the analytical theory predicting the formation of the global accelerating potential due to the magnetic mirror with the maximum of the magnetic field and resulting in the transonic ion velocity profile. The global transonic ion velocity profile is also obtained for warm ions with isotropic and anisotropic distributions. Partial ion reflections are observed due to a combined effect of the magnetic mirror and time-dependent fluctuations of the potential as a result of the wave breaking and instabilities in the regions when the fluid solutions become multi-valued. Despite partial reflections, the flow of the passing ions still follows the global accelerating profile defined by the magnetic field profile. In simulations with reflecting boundary conditions imitating the plasma source and allowing the transitions between trapped and passing ions, the global nature of the transonic accelerating solution is revealed as a constraint on the plasma exhaust velocity that ultimately defines plasma density in the source region.