Why people judge humans differently from machines: The role of perceived agency and experience

TL;DR

This study investigates how perceptions of agency and experience influence the way people judge humans versus machines, revealing that perceived agency makes judgments more similar.

Contribution

It demonstrates that perceived agency, but not experience, causes people to judge machines more like humans, highlighting the role of mind perception in moral judgments.

Findings

Perceiving agency in machines increases similarity in judgments to humans.

Perceived experience does not significantly affect judgment similarity.

Mind perception models explain differential moral judgments of humans and machines.

Abstract

People are known to judge artificial intelligence using a utilitarian moral philosophy and humans using a moral philosophy emphasizing perceived intentions. But why do people judge humans and machines differently? Psychology suggests that people may have different mind perception models of humans and machines, and thus, will treat human-like robots more similarly to the way they treat humans. Here we present a randomized experiment where we manipulated people's perception of machine agency (e.g., ability to plan, act) and experience (e.g., ability to feel) to explore whether people judge machines that are perceived to be more similar to humans along these two dimensions more similarly to the way they judge humans. We find that people's judgments of machines become more similar to that of humans when they perceive machines as having more agency but not more experience. Our findings indicate that people's use of different moral philosophies to judge humans and machines can be explained by a progression of mind perception models where the perception of agency plays a prominent role. These findings add to the body of evidence suggesting that people's judgment of machines becomes more similar to that of humans motivating further work on dimensions modulating people's judgment of human and machine actions.