Survey for Distant Solar Twins (SDST) -- II. Design, observations and data

TL;DR

This survey aims to identify 150-200 distant solar twins up to 4 kpc from the Galactic Center using Gaia and SkyMapper data, with spectroscopic follow-up to analyze their properties and implications for galactic studies.

Contribution

It introduces a novel method combining Gaia and SkyMapper data with HERMES spectroscopy to efficiently find distant solar twins and analogues in the inner Milky Way.

Findings

Success rate of identifying solar twins matches predictions.

Distant solar analogues are valuable for testing fundamental physics.

Survey confirms the effectiveness of the selection approach.

Abstract

Studies of solar twins have key impacts on the astronomical community, but only $\sim$100--200 nearby solar twins ($<$ 1 kpc) have been reliably identified over the last few decades. The aim of our survey (SDST) is to identify $\sim$150--200 distant solar twins and analogues (up to $\lesssim$ 4 kpc) closer to the Galactic Centre. We took advantage of the precise Gaia and Skymapper surveys to select Sun-like candidates in a 2-degree field, which were observed with the HERMES spectrograph on the Anglo-Australian Telescope. We successfully built up the required signal-to-noise ratio (25-per-pixel in the HERMES red band) for most targets as faint as Gaia G of 17.4 mag. The stellar photometric/astrometric parameters (e.g., \teff, \logg, mass) of our candidates are derived in this paper, while the spectroscopic parameters will be presented in the third paper in this SDST series. The selection success rate - the fraction of targets which belong to solar twins or analogues - was estimated from simulated survey data and the Besan\c{c}on stellar population model, and compared with the actual success rate of the survey. We find that expected and actual success rates agree well, indicating that the numbers of solar twins and analogues we discover in SDST are consistent with expectations, affirming the survey approach. These distant solar analogues are prime targets for testing for any variation in the strength of electromagnetism in regions of higher dark matter density, and can make additional contributions to our understanding of, e.g., Galactic chemical evolution in the inner Milky Way.