Chains of mini-boson stars

TL;DR

This paper discovers new chain-like solutions of boson stars in Einstein-scalar field models, expanding understanding of soliton-like configurations without needing scalar self-interaction.

Contribution

It introduces a novel family of chain solutions of boson stars, characterized by multiple constituents along the symmetry axis, using numerical methods.

Findings

Existence of chain configurations with even and odd numbers of boson stars.

The scalar field frequency influences the ADM mass and scalar charge.

Chains do not require scalar self-interactions.

Abstract

In this paper, we re-investigate the stationary, soliton-like solutions in the model of the Einstein gravity coupled to a free and complex scalar field, which have been known as mini-boson stars. With numerical method, we find that in addition to the usual single mini-boson star solution, there exist a novel family of solutions interpreted as chains of boson stars, which is made of some boson stars along the symmetry axis. We show the configuration of two types of chains, including an even number of constituents and an odd number of constituents. Furthermore, we also study the effect of the frequency of the complex scalar field on the ADM mass $M$ and the $U(1)$ scalar charge $Q$. It is interesting to note that the existence of chains of boson stars does not require the introduction of a complex scalar field with self-interacting potential.