SealClub: Computer-aided Paper Document Authentication

TL;DR

SealClub introduces a smartphone-based method for authenticating paper documents by analyzing short videos to detect subtle forgeries with high accuracy and visual localization, combining cryptographic and image comparison techniques.

Contribution

This work presents a novel, secure, and practical approach for paper document authentication using smartphones, integrating cryptographic and image analysis methods, and providing empirical validation.

Findings

Achieves 100% detection accuracy on tested forgeries

Analyzes approximately 5 frames (1.28 seconds) per video

Highlights forgery regions clearly visible to users

Abstract

Digital authentication is a mature field, offering a range of solutions with rigorous mathematical guarantees. Nevertheless, paper documents, where cryptographic techniques are not directly applicable, are still widely utilized due to usability and legal reasons. We propose a novel approach to authenticating paper documents using smartphones by taking short videos of them. Our solution combines cryptographic and image comparison techniques to detect and highlight subtle semantic-changing attacks on rich documents, containing text and graphics, that could go unnoticed by humans. We rigorously analyze our approach, proving that it is secure against strong adversaries capable of compromising different system components. We also measure its accuracy empirically on a set of 128 videos of paper documents, half containing subtle forgeries. Our algorithm finds all forgeries accurately (no false alarms) after analyzing 5.13 frames on average (corresponding to 1.28 seconds of video). Highlighted regions are large enough to be visible to users, but small enough to precisely locate forgeries. Thus, our approach provides a promising way for users to authenticate paper documents using conventional smartphones under realistic conditions.