Divergence of the variance of the optical phase in gain-switched semiconductor lasers described by stochastic rate equations

TL;DR

This paper investigates phase diffusion in gain-switched semiconductor lasers using stochastic rate equations, revealing a divergence in phase variance linked to Brownian motion, challenging existing modeling approaches.

Contribution

It demonstrates that stochastic rate equations for the electrical field lead to divergent phase variance, highlighting limitations in current modeling of phase statistics in low photon number regimes.

Findings

Phase variance diverges as integration step decreases.

The divergence is analogous to 2D Brownian motion's angular variance.

Standard stochastic rate equations are inadequate for small photon numbers.

Abstract

In this paper, we report a theoretical study of the phase diffusion in a gain-switched single-mode semiconductor laser. We use stochastic rate equations for the electrical field to analyze the phase statistics of the gain-switched laser. Their use avoid the instabilities obtained with rate equations for photon number and optical phase when the photon number is small. However we show that a new problem appears when integrating with the field equations: the variance of the optical phase becomes divergent. This divergence can not be observed with the numerical integration of the commonly used equations for photon number and optical phase because of the previous instabilities. The divergence of the phase variance means that this quantity does not reach a fixed value as the integration time step is decreased. We obtain that the phase variance increases as the integration time step decreases with no sign of saturation behaviour even for tiny steps. We explain the divergence by making the analogy of our problem with the 2-dimensional Brownian motion. The fact that the divergence appears is not surprising because already in 1940 Paul L\`evy demonstrated that the variance of the polar angle in a 2-dimensional Brownian motion is a divergent quantity. Our results show that stochastic rate equations for photon number and phase are not appropriated for describing the phase statistics when the photon number is small. Simulation of the stochastic rate equations for the electrical field are consistent with L\`evy's results but gives unphysical results since an infinite value is obtained for a quantity that can be measured.