Extending the Sunspot Area Series from Kodaikanal Solar Observatory

TL;DR

This paper extends the long-term sunspot area series from Kodaikanal Solar Observatory by digitizing, calibrating, and updating data from 1904 to 2017, providing a valuable resource for solar variability studies.

Contribution

It introduces a new extended sunspot catalog covering 1904-2017, including calibration, gap filling, and semi-automated detection methods for long-term solar activity analysis.

Findings

Extended sunspot area series covering 115 years.

Improved calibration and gap filling of historical data.

Publicly available dataset for solar variability research.

Abstract

Kodaikanal Solar Observatory (KoSO) possesses one of world's longest and homogeneous records of sunspot observations that span more than a century (1904-2017). Interestingly, these observations (originally recorded in photographic plates/films) were taken with the same setup over this entire time period which makes this data unique and best suitable for long-term solar variability studies. A large part of this data, between 1921-2011, were digitized earlier and a catalog containing the detected sunspot parameters (e.g., area and location) was published in Mandal et al.(2017). In this article, we extend the earlier catalog by including new sets of data between 1904-1921 and 2011-2017. To this end, we digitize and calibrate these new datasets which include resolving the issue of random image orientation. We fix this by comparing the KoSO images with co-temporal data from Royal Greenwich Observatory. Following that, a semi-automated sunspot detection and automated umbra detection algorithm are implemented onto these calibrated images to detect sunspots and umbra. Additionally, during this catalog updation, we also filled data gaps in the existing KoSO sunspot catalog (1921-2011) by virtue of re-calibrating the 'rouge' plates. This updated sunspot area series covering nearly 115 years (1904-2017) are being made available to the community and will be a unique source to study the long term variability of the Sun