A smooth transition towards a Tracy-Widom distribution for the largest eigenvalue of interacting $k$-body fermionic Embedded Gaussian Ensembles

TL;DR

This paper investigates how the distribution of the largest eigenvalue in interacting fermionic ensembles transitions from Gaussian-like to Tracy-Widom as the interaction rank increases, revealing the impact of correlations on spectral universality.

Contribution

It numerically demonstrates a smooth transition in the distribution of the largest eigenvalue from Gaussian-like to Tracy-Widom in fermionic embedded ensembles as interaction rank increases.

Findings

Distribution transitions from Gaussian-like to Tracy-Widom as k/m approaches 1

Edge correlations are stronger for small k/m and independent of particle number

Correlations influence spectral properties, differentiating from standard random matrix ensembles

Abstract

In spite of its simplicity, the central limit theorem captures one of the most outstanding phenomena in mathematical physics, that of universality. While this classical result is well understood it is still not very clear what happens to this universal behaviour when the random variables become correlated. A fruitful mathematically laboratory to investigate the rising of new universal properties is offered by the set of eigenvalues of random matrices. In this regard a lot of work has been done using the standard random matrix ensembles and focusing on the distribution of extreme eigenvalues. In this case, the distribution of the largest -- or smallest -- eigenvalue departs from the Fisher-Tippett-Gnedenko theorem yielding the celebrated Tracy-Widom distribution. One may wonder, yet again, how robust is this new universal behaviour captured by the Tracy-Widom distribution when the correlation among eigenvalues changes. Few answers have been provided to this poignant question and our intention in the present work is to contribute to this interesting unexplored territory. Thus, we study numerically the probability distribution for the normalized largest eigenvalue of the interacting $k$-body fermionic orthogonal and unitary Embedded Gaussian Ensembles in the diluted limit. We find a smooth transition from a slightly asymmetric Gaussian-like distribution, for small $k/m$, to the Tracy-Widom distribution as $k/m\to 1$, where $k$ is the rank of the interaction and $m$ is the number of fermions. Correlations at the edge of the spectrum are stronger for small values of $k/m$, and are independent of the number of particles considered. Our results indicate that subtle correlations towards the edge of the spectrum distinguish the statistical properties of the spectrum of interacting many-body systems in the dilute limit, from those expected for the standard random matrix ensembles.