Experimental characterization of photoemission from plasmonic nanogroove arrays

TL;DR

This study demonstrates that gold plasmonic nanogroove arrays significantly enhance photoemission efficiency and produce high-brightness electron beams, with potential applications in accelerators and microscopy.

Contribution

First experimental characterization of photoemission from plasmonic nanogroove arrays, confirming their ability to enhance electron emission and produce high-current electron beams.

Findings

Tenfold increase in photoemission efficiency over flat metals.

Capable of sustaining over 100 nA current at high laser intensities.

Electron beam emittance is highly asymmetric due to surface roughness.

Abstract

Metal photocathodes are an important source of high-brightness electron beams, ubiquitous in the operation of both large-scale accelerators and table-top microscopes. When the surface of a metal is nano-engineered with patterns on the order of the optical wavelength, it can lead to the excitation and confinement of surface plasmon polariton waves which drive nonlinear photoemission. In this work, we aim to evaluate gold plasmonic nanogrooves as a concept for producing bright electron beams for accelerators via nonlinear photoemission. We do this by first comparing their optical properties to numerical calculations from first principles to confirm our ability to fabricate these nanoscale structures. Their nonlinear photoemission yield is found by measuring emitted photocurrent as the intensity of their driving laser is varied. Finally, the mean transverse energy of this electron source is found using the solenoid scan technique. Our data demonstrate the ability of these cathodes to provide a tenfold enhancement in the efficiency of photoemission over flat metals driven with a linear process. We find that these cathodes are robust and capable of reaching sustained average currents over 100 nA at optical intensities larger than 2 GW/cm$^2$ with no degradation of performance. The emittance of the generated beam is found to be highly asymmetric, a fact we can explain with calculations involving the also asymmetric roughness of the patterned surface. These results demonstrate the use of nano-engineered surfaces as enhanced photocathodes, providing a robust, air-stable source of high average current electron beams with great potential for industrial and scientific applications.