On the Use of Field RR Lyrae as Galactic Probes. VI. Mixed mode RR Lyrae variables in Fornax and in nearby dwarf galaxies

TL;DR

This study analyzes mixed-mode RR Lyrae variables in the Fornax dwarf galaxy, revealing their metallicity distribution, pulsation properties, and differences in chemical evolution compared to other dwarf galaxies and the Magellanic Clouds.

Contribution

Introduces the PARS diagram as a new pulsation diagnostic and compares RRd properties across multiple dwarf galaxies, highlighting differences in their evolutionary histories.

Findings

Fornax RRds fill the period gap in the Petersen diagram.

Fornax RRds resemble SMC RRds in metallicity distribution.

Different pulsation properties suggest varied chemical enrichment histories.

Abstract

We investigate the properties of the mixed-mode (RRd) RR Lyrae (RRL) variables in the Fornax dwarf spheroidal (dSph) galaxy by using $B$- and $V$-band time series collected over twenty-four years. We compare the properties of the RRds in Fornax with those in the Magellanic Clouds and in nearby dSphs, with special focus on Sculptor. We found that the ratio of RRds over the total number of RRLs decreases with metallicity. Typically, dSphs have very few RRds with 0.49$\ltsim P_0 \ltsim $0.53 days, but Fornax fills this period gap in the Petersen diagram (ratio between first overtone over fundamental period versus fundamental period). We also found that the distribution in the Petersen diagram of Fornax RRds is similar to SMC RRds, thus suggesting that their old stars have a similar metallicity distribution. We introduce the Period-Amplitude RatioS (PARS) diagram, a new pulsation diagnostics independent of distance and reddening. We found that LMC RRds in this plane are distributed along a short- and a long-period sequence that we identified as the metal-rich and the metal-poor component. These two groups are also clearly separated in the Petersen and Bailey (luminosity amplitude versus logarithmic period) diagrams. These circumstantial evidence indicates that the two groups have different evolutionary properties. All the pulsation diagnostics adopted in this investigation suggest that old stellar populations in Fornax and Sculptor dSphs underwent different chemical enrichment histories. Fornax RRds are similar to SMC RRds, while Sculptor RRds are more similar to the metal-rich component of the LMC RRds.