Direct laser written aperiodic photonic volume elements for complex light shaping with high efficiency: inverse design and fabrication

TL;DR

This paper introduces a novel method for designing and fabricating highly efficient aperiodic photonic volume elements inside glass using femtosecond laser writing, enabling complex light shaping with diffraction efficiencies up to 80%.

Contribution

It presents an inverse design approach combined with precise fabrication techniques to create customizable, high-efficiency 3D photonic elements inside glass, surpassing previous limitations.

Findings

Achieved diffraction efficiencies up to 80% in APVEs.

Demonstrated versatile functionalities including mode conversion and multiplexing.

Validated the approach's potential for extension to various materials and dynamic applications.

Abstract

Light plays the central role in many applications. The key to unlocking its versatility lies in shaping it into the most appropriate form for the task at hand. Specifically tailored refractive index modifications, directly manufactured inside glass using a short pulsed laser, enable an almost arbitrary control of the light flow. However, the stringent requirements for quantitative knowledge of these modifications, as well as for fabrication precision, have so far prevented the fabrication of light-efficient aperiodic photonic volume elements (APVEs). Here we present a powerful approach to the design and manufacturing of light-efficient APVEs. We optimize application-specific 3D arrangements of hundred thousands of microscopic voxels and manufacture them using femtosecond direct laser writing inside millimeter-sized glass volumes. We experimentally achieve unprecedented diffraction efficiencies up to 80%, which is enabled by precise voxel characterization and adaptive optics during fabrication. We demonstrate APVEs with various functionalities, including a spatial mode converter and combined intensity shaping and wavelength-multiplexing. Our elements can be freely designed and are efficient, compact and robust. Our approach is not limited to borosilicate glass, but is potentially extendable to other substrates, including birefringent and nonlinear materials, giving a preview of even broader functionalities including polarization modulation and dynamic elements.