Universal Scaling of the Dynamic BKT Transition in Quenched 2D Bose Gases

TL;DR

This study investigates the non-equilibrium dynamics of a 2D Bose gas quenched across the BKT transition, demonstrating universal scaling laws consistent with real-time RG theory through experimental measurements and simulations.

Contribution

It provides the first experimental verification of universal scaling laws in non-equilibrium BKT dynamics, bridging theory and experiment.

Findings

Universal scaling laws for algebraic exponents

Universal vortex density scaling

Agreement with real-time RG theory

Abstract

While renormalization group theory is a fully established method to capture equilibrium phase transitions, the applicability of RG theory to universal non-equilibrium behavior remains elusive. Here we address this question by measuring the non-equilibrium dynamics triggered by a quench from superfluid to thermal phase across the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless transition in a 2D Bose gas. We quench the system by splitting the 2D gas in two and probe the relaxation dynamics by measuring the phase correlation function and vortex density via matter-wave interferometry. The dynamics occur via a two-step process of rapid phonon thermalization followed by slow dynamic vortex unbinding. We demonstrate universal scaling laws for the algebraic exponents and vortex density, supported by classical-field simulations, and show their agreement with the real-time RG theory.