Particle creations in a variational formulation of relativistic thermodynamics with dissipation

TL;DR

This paper develops a variational formulation for relativistic thermodynamics that accommodates non-zero particle creation rates, challenging the traditional assumption of particle number conservation.

Contribution

It introduces a variational approach that incorporates particle creation rates, extending the modeling framework of relativistic thermodynamics beyond conservation assumptions.

Findings

Supports the compatibility of the variational model with particle creation.

Provides a variational formula that includes creation rates without extra assumptions.

Enhances the theoretical understanding of dissipative processes in relativistic fluids.

Abstract

In modeling relativistic thermodynamics, we frequently regard the particle number as a conserved quantity. The number conservation law, which comes from the requirement that the pull-back construction from fluid-matter 3-space has the same degrees of freedom as the number of independent components of the four-dimensional Lagrangian variations, supports the assumption. On the other hand, Andersson and Comer[1] argue that their variational model is compatible with non-vanishing particle creation rates. We support the result and prove that a proper variational formula considering the effect of the creation rate enables us to treat the non-vanishing creation rate without any additional requirement.