Forming Hot Subluminous Stars from Hierarchical Triples -- I. The Role of an Outer Tertiary on Formation Channels

TL;DR

This paper explores how hierarchical triple-star systems can produce hot subdwarf OB stars through various evolutionary pathways, including triple common envelope evolution, highlighting new formation channels not possible in isolated binaries.

Contribution

It introduces a comprehensive population synthesis model for hierarchical triples, revealing new formation channels for sdOB stars involving tertiary interactions and triple evolution.

Findings

sdOB stars can form in single, binary, and triple configurations.

Triple common envelope evolution can produce sdOBs.

Formation channels involving tertiary interactions are unique to triples.

Abstract

We present evolutionary pathways for creating hot subdwarf OB (sdOB) stars from hierarchical triple configurations. We use the population synthesis code Multiple Stellar Evolution (MSE) to follow the stellar, binary, and gravitational dynamical evolution of triple-star systems. To ascertain the effect of the outer tertiary, we also consider the evolution of the inner binary with the tertiary component removed. We find we are able to create sdOB stars in single, binary and triple configurations. We also demonstrate that it is possible to form sdOBs in systems which undergo triple common envelope evolution, when the tertiary star undergoes unstable mass transfer onto the inner binary. We are unable to create single or wide sdOB systems without involving a merger earlier in the evolution. The triples can produce sdOBs in binaries with wide, non-interacting companions through binary interactions, which is impossible in isolated binaries. Owing to the closeness of the inner binary in hierarchical triples the formation channels associated with stable mass transfer are suppressed when compared to the isolated binary case.