Reconstruction of Point Events in Liquid-Scintillator Detectors Subjected to Total Reflection

TL;DR

This paper models how total reflection at media boundaries affects photon detection in liquid-scintillator detectors, proposing methods to improve event reconstruction accuracy despite optical complexities.

Contribution

It introduces a precise detector-response model accounting for total reflection effects and proposes a criterion to prevent reconstruction multimodality in liquid-scintillator detectors.

Findings

Unbiased energy and vertex reconstruction achieved in total reflection regions.

Identification of multimodality causes in the reconstruction likelihood.

A practical criterion to ensure successful event reconstruction.

Abstract

The outer water buffer is an economic option to shield the external radiative backgrounds for liquid-scintillator neutrino detectors. However, the consequential total reflection of scintillation light at the media boundary introduces extra complexity to the detector optics. This paper develops a precise detector-response model by investigating how total reflection complicates photon propagation and degrades reconstruction. We first parameterize the detector response by regression, providing an unbiased energy and vertex reconstruction in the total reflection region while keeping the number of parameters under control. From the experience of event degeneracy at the Jinping prototype, we then identify the root cause as the multimodality in the reconstruction likelihood function, determined by the refractive index of the buffer, detector scale and PMT coverage. To avoid multimodality, we propose a straightforward criterion based on the expected photo-electron-count ratios between neighboring PMTs. The criterion will be used to ensure success in future liquid-scintillator detectors by guaranteeing the effectiveness of event reconstruction.