High energy Millihertz quasi-periodic oscillations in 1A 0535+262 with Insight-HXMT challenge current models

TL;DR

This study reports the detection of high-energy millihertz quasi-periodic oscillations in the Be/X-ray binary 1A 0535+262 during its 2020 outburst, challenging existing models of QPO origin.

Contribution

It presents the first detection of mHz QPOs above 80 keV and analyzes their energy dependence and structure, providing new observational constraints.

Findings

QPO detected in 27-120 keV range, most significant at 50-65 keV

QPO frequency correlates with source flux, evolving from 35 to 95 mHz

Double-peak structure observed at outburst peak, with peaks separated by ~0.02 Hz

Abstract

We studied the millihertz quasi-periodic oscillation (mHz QPO) in the 2020 outburst of the Be/X-ray binary 1A 0535+262 using Insight-HXMT data over a broad energy band. The mHz QPO is detected in the 27-120 keV energy band. The QPO centroid frequency is correlated with the source flux, and evolves in the 35-95 mHz range during the outburst. The QPO is most significant in the 50-65 keV band, with a significance of ~ 8 sigma, but is hardly detectable (<2 sigma) in the lowest (1-27 keV) and highest (>120 keV) energy bands. Notably, the detection of mHz QPO above 80 keV is the highest energy at which mHz QPOs have been detected so far. The fractional rms of the mHz QPO first increases and then decreases with energy, reaching the maximum amplitude at 50-65 keV. In addition, at the peak of the outburst, the mHz QPO shows a double-peak structure, with the difference between the two peaks being constant at ~0.02 Hz, twice the spin frequency of the neutron star in this system. We discuss different scenarios explaining the generation of the mHz QPO, including the beat frequency model, the Keplerian frequency model, the model of two jets in opposite directions, and the precession of the neutron star, but find that none of them can explain the origin of the QPO well. We conclude that the variability of non-thermal radiation may account for the mHz QPO, but further theoretical studies are needed to reveal the physical mechanism.