Infinite time bubble towers in the fractional heat equation with critical exponent

TL;DR

This paper constructs complex solutions called bubble towers for the fractional heat equation with critical exponent, demonstrating multiple blow-up behaviors both forward and backward in time, expanding understanding of singularity formation.

Contribution

It introduces the first known bubble tower solutions with multiple blow-up points for the fractional heat equation at critical exponent.

Findings

Constructed sign-changing solutions with multiple blow-up at a single point.

Established positive solutions with multiple blow-up at a single point.

Described asymptotic behavior of solutions as time approaches infinity.

Abstract

In this paper, we consider the fractional heat equation with critical exponent in $\mathbb{R}^n$ for $n>6s,s\in(0,1),$ \begin{equation*} u_t=-(-\Delta)^su+|u|^{\frac{4s}{n-2s}}u,\quad (x,t)\in \mathbb{R}^n\times\mathbb{R}. \end{equation*} We construct a bubble tower type solution both for the forward and backward problem by establishing the existence of the sign-changing solution with multiple blow-up at a single point with the form \begin{equation*} u(x,t)=(1+o(1))\sum_{j=1}^{k}(-1)^{j-1}\mu_j(t)^{-\frac{n-2s}{2}}U\left(\frac{x}{\mu_j(t)}\right) \quad\mbox{as}\quad t\to+\infty, \end{equation*} and the positive solution with multiple blow-up at a single point with the form \begin{equation*} u(x,t)=(1+o(1))\sum_{j=1}^{k}\mu_j(t)^{-\frac{n-2s}{2}}U\left(\frac{x}{\mu_j(t)}\right) \quad\mbox{as}\quad t\to-\infty, \end{equation*} respectively. Here $k\ge2$ is a positive integer, $$U(y)=\alpha_{n,s}\left(\frac{1}{1+|y|^2}\right)^{\frac{n-2s}{2}},$$ and \begin{equation*} \mu_j(t)=\beta_j |t|^{-\alpha_j}(1+o(1))~\mathrm{as}~t\to\pm\infty, \quad \alpha_j=\frac{1}{2s}\left(\frac{n-2s}{n-6s}\right)^{j-1}-\frac{1}{2s}, \end{equation*} for some certain positive numbers $\beta_j,j=1,\cdots,k.$