Coarse-Grained Molecular Simulation of Extracellular Vesicles Squeezing for Drug Loading

TL;DR

This study presents a coarse-grained molecular simulation approach to understand and optimize the process of drug loading into extracellular vesicles via nanofluidic squeezing, addressing experimental visualization challenges.

Contribution

It develops a systemic simulation algorithm coupling coarse-grain molecular dynamics with fluid dynamics to predict nanopore formation and drug loading in EVs during squeezing.

Findings

Identifies key parameters affecting pore formation and drug loading efficiency.

Provides a phase diagram for optimal nanochannel and squeezing conditions.

Suggests design guidelines for nanofluidic devices to enhance drug loading without damaging EVs.

Abstract

In recent years, extracellular vesicles such have become promising carriers as the next-generation drug delivery platforms. Effective loading of exogenous cargos without compromising the extracellular vesicle membrane is a major challenge. Rapid squeezing through nanofluidic channels is a widely used approach to load exogenous cargoes into the EV through the nanopores generated temporarily on the membrane. However, the exact mechanism and dynamics of nanopores opening, as well as cargo loading through nanopores during the squeezing process remains unknown and is impossible to be visualized or quantified experimentally due to the small size of the EV and the fast transient process. This paper developed a systemic algorithm to simulate nanopore formation and predict drug loading during extracellular vesicle (EV) squeezing by leveraging the power of coarse-grain (CG) molecular dynamics simulations with fluid dynamics. The EV CG beads are coupled with implicit Fluctuating Lattice Boltzmann solvent. Effects of EV property and various squeezing test parameters, such as EV size, flow velocity, channel width, and length, on pore formation and drug loading efficiency are analyzed. Based on the simulation results, a phase diagram is provided as a design guidance for nanochannel geometry and squeezing velocity to generate pores on membrane without damaging the EV. This method can be utilized to optimize the nanofluidic device configuration and flow setup to obtain desired drug loading into EVs