Resolving Charged Hadrons in QED -- Gauge Invariant Interpolating Operators

TL;DR

This paper introduces a gauge invariant method for constructing interpolating operators for charged hadrons in QED, ensuring infrared finiteness and equivalence to Dirac dressing, applicable to various decay processes.

Contribution

It proposes a new gauge invariant interpolating operator using an auxiliary scalar, ensuring infrared finiteness and equivalence to Dirac dressing to all orders.

Findings

Operator reproduces universal soft and collinear logs.

Modified LSZ-factor is infrared finite.

Method applicable to various decay processes.

Abstract

Standard interpolating operators for charged mesons, e.g. $J_{B} = \bar b i \gamma_5 u$ for $B^-$, are not gauge invariant in QED and therefore problematic for perturbative methods. We propose a gauge invariant interpolating operator by adding an auxiliary charged scalar $\Phi_B$, ${\cal J}_{B}^{(0)} = J_B \, \Phi_B$, which reproduces all the universal soft and collinear logs. The modified LSZ-factor is shown to be infrared finite which is a necessary condition for validating the approach. At ${\cal O}(\alpha)$, this is equivalent to a specific Dirac dressing of charged operators. A generalisation thereof, using iterated integrals, establishes the equivalence to all orders and provides a transparent alternative viewpoint. The method is discussed by the example of the leptonic decay $B^- \to \ell^- \bar \nu$ for which a numerical study is to follow. The formalism itself is valid for any spin, flavour and set of final states (e.g. $B^- \to \pi^0 \ell^- \bar \nu$).