A geometric approach to inequalities for the Hilbert--Schmidt norm

TL;DR

This paper introduces a geometric angle between Hilbert--Schmidt operators, derives inequalities involving this angle, and uses them to provide an alternative proof of a known inequality, confirming the optimality of a specific constant.

Contribution

It defines a new geometric angle between operators and applies it to establish and prove inequalities for the Hilbert--Schmidt norm, including Lee's conjecture.

Findings

Established properties of the operator angle and related inequalities.

Provided an alternative proof of Lee's conjecture with a sharp constant.

Presented a numerical example confirming the minimality of the constant.

Abstract

We define angle $\Theta_{X,Y}$ between non-zero Hilbert--Schmidt operators $X$ and $Y$ by $\cos\Theta_{_{X,Y}} = \frac{{\rm Re}{\rm Tr}(Y^*X)}{{\|X\|}_{_2}{\|Y\|}_{_2}}$, and give some of its essentially properties. It is shown, among other things, that \begin{align*} \big|\cos\Theta_{_{X,Y}}\big|\leq \min\left\{\sqrt{\cos\Theta_{_{|X^*|,|Y^*|}}}, \sqrt{\cos\Theta_{_{|X|,|Y|}}}\right\}. \end{align*} It enables us to provide alternative proof of some well-known inequalities for the Hilbert--Schmidt norm. In particular, we apply this inequality to prove Lee's conjecture [Linear Algebra Appl. 433 (2010), no.~3, 580--584] as follows \begin{align*} {\big\|X + Y\big\|}_{_2} \leq \sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{2} + 1}{2}}\,{\big\|\,|X| + |Y|\,\big\|}_{_2}. \end{align*} A numerical example is presented to show the constant $\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{2} + 1}{2}}$ is smallest possible. Other related inequalities for the Hilbert--Schmidt norm are also considered.