Tackling problems, harvesting benefits -- A systematic review of the regulatory debate around AI

TL;DR

This systematic review analyzes academic debates on AI regulation, focusing on societal risks, regulatory responsibilities, and policy frameworks, highlighting the field's complexity and the normative decisions involved.

Contribution

It provides a structured analysis of 73 peer-reviewed articles, offering empirical and conceptual insights into AI regulation debates and comparing proposals with European AI regulation.

Findings

AI regulation is complex and still developing.

Various intervention strategies are proposed, including bans and standards.

The field shows a lack of clarity and maturity.

Abstract

How to integrate an emerging and all-pervasive technology such as AI into the structures and operations of our society is a question of contemporary politics, science and public debate. It has produced a considerable amount of international academic literature from different disciplines. This article analyzes the academic debate around the regulation of artificial intelligence (AI). The systematic review comprises a sample of 73 peer-reviewed journal articles published between January 1st, 2016, and December 31st, 2020. The analysis concentrates on societal risks and harms, questions of regulatory responsibility, and possible adequate policy frameworks, including risk-based and principle-based approaches. The main interests are proposed regulatory approaches and instruments. Various forms of interventions such as bans, approvals, standard-setting, and disclosure are presented. The assessments of the included papers indicate the complexity of the field, which shows its prematurity and the remaining lack of clarity. By presenting a structured analysis of the academic debate, we contribute both empirically and conceptually to a better understanding of the nexus of AI and regulation and the underlying normative decisions. A comparison of the scientific proposals with the proposed European AI regulation illustrates the specific approach of the regulation, its strengths and weaknesses.