Local foliations by critical surfaces of the Hawking energy and small sphere limit

TL;DR

This paper extends the construction of local foliations by critical surfaces of the Hawking energy to more general spacelike hypersurfaces, investigates discrepancies in small sphere limits, and discusses implications for quasi-local energy measurements.

Contribution

It generalizes existing foliations to non-totally geodesic hypersurfaces and analyzes the small sphere limit discrepancy of the Hawking energy.

Findings

Confirmed discrepancy in small sphere limit of Hawking energy

Constructed unique local foliation of critical surfaces in general hypersurfaces

Indicated potential excess in Hawking energy measurement

Abstract

Local foliations of area constrained Willmore surfaces on a 3-dimensional Riemannian manifold were constructed by Lamm, Metzger and Schulze, and Ikoma, Machiodi and Mondino, the leaves of these foliations are, in particular, critical surfaces of the Hawking energy in case they are contained in a totally geodesic spacelike hypersurface. We generalize these foliations to the general case of a non-totally geodesic spacelike hypersurface, constructing a unique local foliation of area constrained critical surfaces of the Hawking energy. A discrepancy when evaluating the so called small sphere limit of the Hawking energy was found by Friedrich. He studied concentrations of area constrained critical surfaces of the Hawking energy and obtained a result that apparently differs from the well established small sphere limit of the Hawking energy of Horowitz and Schmidt, this small sphere limit in principle must be satisfied by any quasi local energy. We independently confirm the discrepancy and explain the reasons for it to happen. We also prove that these surfaces are suitable to evaluate the Hawking energy in the sense of Lamm, Metzger and Schulze, and we find an indication that these surfaces may induce an excess in the energy measured.