Structure Formation and the Global 21-cm Signal in the Presence of Coulomb-like Dark Matter-Baryon Interactions

TL;DR

This paper investigates how Coulomb-like dark matter-baryon interactions influence early universe structure formation and the 21-cm signal, revealing significant suppression of galaxy formation and constraints on millicharged dark matter models.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive analysis of Coulomb-like DM-baryon scattering effects on structure formation and the 21-cm signal, extending previous thermal history studies.

Findings

Interactions suppress star-forming halos by a factor of ~2 at z~20

Millicharged DM cannot explain the EDGES anomaly within current limits

Significant impact on galaxy formation and 21-cm signal modeling

Abstract

Many compelling dark matter (DM) scenarios feature Coulomb-like interactions between DM particles and baryons, in which the cross section for elastic scattering scales with relative particle velocity as $v^{-4}$. Previous studies have invoked such interactions to produce heat exchange between cold DM and baryons and alter the temperature evolution of hydrogen. In this study, we present a comprehensive study of the effects of Coulomb-like scattering on structure formation, in addition to the known effects on the thermal history of hydrogen. We find that interactions which significantly alter the temperature of hydrogen at Cosmic Dawn also dramatically suppress the formation of galaxies that source the Lyman-$\alpha$ background, further affecting the global 21-cm signal. In particular, an interaction cross section at the current observational upper limit leads to a decrease in the abundance of star-forming halos by a factor of $\sim 2$ at $z\sim 20$, relative to cold, collisionless DM. We also find that DM that is 100% millicharged cannot reproduce the depth and the timing of the reported EDGES anomaly in any part of the parameter space. These results critically inform modeling of the global 21-cm signal and structure formation in cosmologies with DM-baryon scattering, with repercussions for future and upcoming cosmological data analysis.