Shear-wave-induced softening and simultaneous compaction in dense granular media through acoustic lubrication at flow heterogeneities

TL;DR

This study demonstrates that acoustic waves can soften and compact dense granular materials by reducing interparticle friction and contact stiffness, without causing macroscopic grain rearrangement, through a shear transformation zone-based model.

Contribution

It introduces a theoretical model explaining how acoustic lubrication leads to softening and compaction in dense granular media without macroscopic dilation.

Findings

Shear-wave speed decreases with increasing wave amplitude.

No macroscopic grain rearrangement or dilation observed.

Acoustic waves reduce contact friction and stiffness, causing softening and compaction.

Abstract

We report the simultaneous softening and compaction of a confined dense granular pack in acoustic resonance experiments. Elastic softening is manifested by a reduction of the shear-wave speed, as the wave amplitude increases beyond some threshold. No macroscopic rearrangement of grains or dilatancy is observed; instead, elastic softening is accompanied by a tiny amount of compaction on the scale of grain asperities. We explain these apparent contradictory observations using a theoretical model, based on shear transformation zones (STZs), of soft spots and slipping contacts. It predicts a linear shear stress-strain response with negligible macro-plastic deformation due to the small-amplitude acoustic oscillation. However, these waves reduce the interparticle friction and contact stiffness through the acoustic lubrication of grain contacts, resulting in an increase in the structural disorder or compactivity and softening of dynamic modulus. The compaction associated with this microscopic friction decrease is consistent with the prediction by an Ising-like correlation between STZs in the subyield regime.